The Mode of Computing

The Turing Machine is the paradigmatic case of computing machines, but there are others, such as Artificial Neural Networks, Table Computing, Relational-Indeterminate Computing and diverse forms of analogical computing, each of which based on a particular underlying intuition of the phenomenon of computing. This variety can be captured in terms of system levels, re-interpreting and generalizing Newell's hierarchy, which includes the knowledge level at the top and the symbol level immediately below it. In this re-interpretation the knowledge level consists of human knowledge and the symbol level is generalized into a new level that here is called The Mode of Computing. Natural computing performed by the brains of humans and non-human animals with a developed enough neural system should be understood in terms of a hierarchy of system levels too. By analogy from standard computing machinery there must be a system level above the neural circuitry levels and directly below the knowledge level that is named here The mode of Natural Computing. A central question for Cognition is the characterization of this mode. The Mode of Computing provides a novel perspective on the phenomena of computing, interpreting, the representational and non-representational views of cognition, and consciousness.Comment: 35 pages, 8 figure

La protección de datos personales en los estados que conforman la Comunidad Andina: estudio comparado y precisiones para un modelo interamericano de integración (Tema Central)

During the 20th century and especially in the last decades there has been an important recognition of the personal data protection as a fundamental right, both in the International Treaties and Agreements and in the Constitutions of different countries. This has resulted in a legislative development of fundamental rights in order to regulate the treatment of personal information both in public and private sector. In Ecuador, the emergence of the right to informational self-determination is framed within the principles preserved in the Andean Neo Constitutionalism stated in participatory democracy and in the Constitutionalism of new fundamental rights, fundamentally. This research is aimed at studying –in the context of the Andean Community– the constitutional, jurisprudential and doctrinal precedents that frame the origin and development of this fundamental right. Based on the European experience, this analysis aims to initiate an Interamerican Model of Integration for a balanced regulation respect to the processing of the personal data.En las últimas décadas del siglo XX se ha reconocido la existencia de un derecho fundamental a la protección de datos personales, tanto en los tratados y acuerdos internacionales como en las Constituciones de distintos países, lo que se ha traducido en un desarrollo legislativo de este derecho fundamental tendiente a regular el tratamiento de la información personal tanto en el ámbito público como privado. En el caso de Ecuador, el surgimiento del derecho a la autodeterminación informativa se enmarca en los principios consagrados dentro de la teoría del neoconstitucionalismo andino, enmarcados fundamentalmente en la democracia participativa y en la constitucionalización de nuevos derechos fundamentales. Esta investigación está orientada a estudiar –en el contexto de la Comunidad Andina– los precedentes constitucionales, jurisprudenciales y doctrinarios que enmarcan el origen y desarrollo de este derecho fundamental. A partir de la experiencia europea, este análisis pretende promover un modelo interamericano de integración para una regulación equilibrada respecto al tratamiento de los datos personales

Socially Inclusive Versus Uneven Development: Developed and Peripheral Economies in a Global Context

After the Cold War and the fall of Berlin Wall in 1989 a new world order led by the USA emerges as the axis of a new unipolar order that brings with it economic liberalization and the globalization process implanted an economic strategy nurtured in the spirit of liberalism Adam Smith s 18th century economic economy from Laissez Faire Laissez Passer upholds the economic self-regulation of nations without state intervention Currently becoming the neoliberal strategy that has dominated the world scene for more than forty years Although its planetary implementation has generated benefits due to the associated boom in international trade in the global market it has also led to adverse effects in different ways and intensities both among developed and peripheral economies Such as a greater economic distancing between rich and poor at the planetary level regional imbalances and greater polarization of wealth in peripheral economies and multiple externalities and exacerbation of their structural problem

A Socially Non-inclusive Urban-Regional Development in Mexico: The Macrocephalic Growth of Mexico city in the Center Region

Under the basic premise that an economy and its territory as a socioeconomic entity are inscribed into a nation s space Accordingly the concomitant sustainable handling of its natural resources and people s well-being depends on myriad factors among which stands out firstly the country s own socioeconomic dynamics and secondly but not least important the political capacity of the State s intervention into the economy as the foremost legal entity capable and social risponsible to advance the nation s economic strategy to promote simultaneously growth and social well-being into the nation Upon this framework the article aims at analyze the socioeconomic implications of the neoliberal economic strategy adopted by Mexico with particular reference to Mexico City CDMX vis- -vis Mexico s Center Region encompassing CDMX and neighboring states to demonstrate its failure and the compelling need to it towards a more balanced social-inclusive and sustainable one Time s horizon for the analysis ranges from 1980-2020

Urban Imbalance and Non-inclusive Development in Mexico: The Case of its Top 15 Major Urban Municipalities

Under the basic premise that an economy and its territory as a socioeconomic entity are inscribed into a nation s space Accordingly the concomitant sustainable handling of its natural resources and people s well-being depends on myriad factors among which stands out firstly the country s own socioeconomic dynamics and secondly but not least important the political capacity of the State s intervention into the economy as the foremost legal entity capable to advance the nation s economic strategy to simultaneously foment growth and social well-being into the nation Upon this premise the article aims at analyzing the socioeconomic implications and multiple externalities derived from the neoliberal economic strategy implemented by Mexico in the last decades with particular reference to the country s current urban imbalances around the country s top 15 municipalities including Mexico City to demonstrate its failure and the compelling need to reorient it towards a more balanced social-inclusive and sustainable urban development Time s horizon for this analysis ranges from 1980-201